An air-breathing engine thrust refers to the force generated by an engine that ingests air from the atmosphere, mixes it with fuel, combusts the mixture, and expels the resulting exhaust gases to produce propulsion.

Where:

• $F$ is the thrust generated by the engine (in Newtons).
• m˙ is the mass flow rate of air passing through the engine (in kilograms per second).
• Ve​ is the exhaust velocity of the gases leaving the engine (in meters per second).
• V0​ is the velocity of the air entering the engine (in meters per second).
• pe​ is the pressure of the exhaust gases leaving the engine (in Pascals).
• p0​ is the atmospheric pressure outside the engine (in Pascals).
• Ae​ is the effective exhaust area of the engine (in square meters).