Author name: Gokul Dravid

The specific gravity (SG) of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of that substance to the density of a reference substance, typically water at a specified temperature and pressure. The specific gravity equation is as follows: ​​ Where, SG is the specific gravity, ρ substance​ is the density of the substance, […]

The specific weight of a fluid, sometimes referred to as the unit weight, is the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of the fluid. It is denoted by the symbol γ (gamma) and is calculated as the product of the fluid’s density (ρ) and the acceleration due to gravity (g). This equation essentially

The Boussinesq approximation is a simplification used in fluid dynamics to analyze the behavior of fluid flow, especially in cases where the density differences within the fluid are small compared to the ambient density. It’s named after the French mathematician Joseph Boussinesq. The Boussinesq approximation equation is: Where: ρ is the density of the fluid,

Non-Newtonian fluids are fluids that do not obey the linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate observed in Newtonian fluids. In other words, their viscosity (resistance to flow) is not constant and can vary with the rate of deformation, shear rate, temperature, or other factors. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a wide range of behaviors, including

The boundary layer equations describe the behavior of fluid flow within this thin layer. One of the fundamental equations governing the boundary layer is the boundary layer momentum equation, also known as the boundary layer equation or the boundary layer velocity profile equation. The simplified form of the boundary layer equation for an incompressible, steady

The Venturi effect describes the reduction in fluid pressure that occurs when a fluid flows through a constricted section of a pipe. This phenomenon is based on the principle of conservation of energy in fluid flow, where the increase in fluid velocity through the constriction leads to a decrease in pressure according to Bernoulli’s principle.

The Blasius equation is an empirical correlation used to estimate the skin friction coefficient (Cf​) for laminar boundary layers developing over a flat plate. It was derived by the German engineer, Hermann Blasius. The Blasius equation is given by: Where: Cf​ is the skin friction coefficient, Rex​ is the Reynolds number based on the distance

Torricelli’s law states that the velocity (v) of a fluid exiting an orifice is equal to the velocity that a body would attain if it were dropped from a height equal to the depth of the fluid (h) above the orifice, Torricelli’s law equates the kinetic energy of the fluid flowing out of the opening

The Hagen-Poiseuille equation, also known as Poiseuille’s law, describes laminar flow in a cylindrical pipe. It gives the rate of flow (Q) of a viscous, incompressible fluid through a pipe of constant cross-sectional area and length under a constant pressure gradient (ΔP). This equation shows that the flow rate is directly proportional to the fourth

Bending moment is a measure of the internal bending forces within a structural element, such as a beam or a column, subjected to an external load. It quantifies the tendency of a beam to bend or flex under the applied load. The bending moment at any point along a beam is the algebraic sum of