A nozzle is designed to either increase or decrease the velocity of a fluid by constraining its flow through a narrowing or expanding passage. According to the continuity equation, which states that the mass flow rate must remain constant, a reduction in cross-sectional area results in an increase in velocity for an incompressible fluid.

In practical applications, the acceleration of fluid particles in nozzles is essential in propulsion systems, firefighting equipment, and even medical devices like nebulizers. Understanding this principle allows engineers to optimize nozzle designs for efficiency and performance.

Velocity at inlet:

Same formula is used at outlet too.

For magnitude of acceleration:

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Key Observations:

• The liquid level rises at the edges of the container and lowers at the center.
• The maximum rise at the container’s wall is determined by the rotational speed.
• The faster the rotation, the steeper the curvature of the paraboloid.

Speed of rotation of container:

Converting from rad/sec to rpm:

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If the acceleration is strong enough, the water may reach the top edge of the tank and overflow.

The amount of overflow depends on factors such as the tank’s shape, initial water level, and the magnitude of acceleration. This phenomenon is commonly analyzed using fluid dynamics and Newton’s laws of motion.

Acceleration :

Tangent :

(az=0 as there is no acceleration in the z-direction)

Increase in length to avoid spillage:

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Weight of the concrete can be found by force formula, i.e.,

Weight of the concrete can be found using the same formula by changing density, then subtracting that value from the above value.

The calculator shows the subtracted value.

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Key Components:

1. U-tube or Inclined Tube: A tube bent in a U-shape or inclined at an angle is often used to measure pressure. One side of the tube is open to the system whose pressure is being measured, and the other side is open to the atmosphere or a reference pressure.
2. Fluids: In a multifluid manometer, different fluids (often liquids with varying densities) are used in each leg of the manometer. Common choices are mercury, water, or other liquids, depending on the pressure range.
3. Measuring Scale: The difference in the height of the fluids in the two arms of the manometer indicates the pressure difference. A scale is marked on the tube to measure this height difference.

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To find the Absolute pressure:

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• Density
• acceleration due to gravity
• height

For further queries :

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The barometric reading at a location in height of mercury column is given. The atmospheric pressure is to be determined.

Pressure can be calculated by the simple relation between density, acceleration due to gravity and height reading in the barometer.

The result will be in kPa.

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• All values will be in psi.

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