Energy height is a measure of an aircraft’s potential energy above a reference point, often the aircraft’s current altitude. It represents the height to which an aircraft could climb if all its kinetic energy (airspeed) were converted into potential energy (altitude) without any thrust or drag. The formula for energy height is as follows: Â […]
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The deflection angle by applying the high Mach number limit is the angle by which the flow is turned by a shock wave or an expansion wave when the Mach number goes to infinity. In this limit, the deflection angle approaches zero, which means that the flow becomes nearly parallel to the wave.  Deflection angle
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The sustained rate of turn (R) is a measure of an aircraft’s ability to maintain a constant rate of turn, typically expressed in degrees per second. It’s an important parameter in aircraft design and aerodynamics because it relates to an aircraft’s maneuverability and its ability to perform turns efficiently. The formula for calculating the sustained
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The deflection angle is the angle by which the flow is turned by a shock wave or an expansion wave. In hypersonic limit, the deflection angle approaches zero as the Mach number goes to infinity. This means that the flow becomes nearly parallel to the wave in hypersonic limit. Deflection angle (θ) in rad Mach number
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The speed of sound (a), also known as the sound velocity or the sonic speed, represents the speed at which pressure waves (sound waves) travel through a medium, such as air. In the context of aircraft design and aerodynamics, the speed of sound is a critical parameter because it defines the boundary between subsonic and
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The ratio of temperatures behind the wave to the ahead of the wave is a measure of the change in temperature that occurs when a fluid flows across a wave, such as a shock wave or an expansion wave. The temperature ratio depends on the type, strength, and orientation of the wave, as well as
The selection of wing loading based on range (W/S) is an important aspect of aircraft design, particularly when optimizing an aircraft for a specific range performance. Wing loading is the ratio of an aircraft’s weight (W) to its wing’s reference area (S) and is typically expressed in pounds per square foot (psf) or newtons per
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The flight velocity Vhmax​​ is the maximum horizontal (forward) velocity that an aircraft can achieve in level flight under specific conditions, typically during the cruise phase. It represents the highest speed the aircraft can attain while maintaining a steady level flight without climbing or descending. The formula for calculating Vhmax​​ is as follows: Vhmax​​ is
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The drag coefficient (CD​) is a critical parameter in aircraft design and aerodynamics. It quantifies the drag force experienced by an aircraft at a specific flight condition and represents the ratio of the drag force to the dynamic pressure of the air. The formula for calculating the drag coefficient (CD​) is as follows: CD​ is
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