Orbital Mechanics

The Satellite Signal Delay, also known as signal propagation delay, is the time it takes for an electromagnetic signal to travel from a satellite to the receiving antenna on Earth   Delay: Signal delay (seconds) D: Distance between the satellite and the receiving antenna on Earth (meters) c: Speed of light in a vacuum (3.00×108 m/s)

The orbital energy (E) of a satellite is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy in orbit. E is the orbital energy m is the mass of the satellite v is the orbital velocity of the satellite G is the gravitational constant (6.674×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2) M is the mass of the celestial body (e.g., Earth)

The orbital eccentricity (e) is a parameter that defines the shape of an elliptical orbit   ra​ is the distance from the center of the celestial body to the apogee rp​ is the distance from the center of the celestial body to the perigee

Solar Irradiance refers to the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the solar spectrum   I is the solar irradiance (W/m²) P is the solar power received (W) A is the area perpendicular to the Sun’s rays (m²).

The antenna gain equation calculates the gain of an antenna, representing its ability to focus or direct electromagnetic radiation in a particular direction   Antenna Gain:  Antenna gain is a measure of the ability of an antenna to direct or concentrate the transmitted or received signal in a particular direction Antenna Efficiency: Antenna efficiency represents the

Battery Capacity determines the required capacity of a battery for a given aircraft mission.   Battery Capacity: total battery capacity Total Energy Required:  total energy required for functioning Battery Efficiency:  efficiency of the battery