Interlaminar Shear Strength is a Resistance to shearing forces between laminate layers.The formula is given by: Where: τinterlaminar​ is the interlaminar shear strength. F is the applied force required to shear the material. A is the cross-sectional area over which the force is applied.
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The skin friction coefficient (Cf​) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the frictional resistance of a fluid flow over a surface. The skin friction coefficient is often used in the context of boundary layer analysis. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the skin friction coefficient can be estimated using the following formula: where: Cf​
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Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of the stretching force. Mathematically, Poisson’s ratio is defined as:      ν= Where: ν is Poisson’s ratio, Lateral strain is the change in dimension perpendicular to the applied force, Longitudinal strain is the change in
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Dynamic pressure (q) is a term in aerodynamics that represents the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid due to its motion. As an aircraft’s speed increases, the dynamic pressure on its surfaces also increases. In terms of the Mach number (M), which is the ratio of the speed of an object to the
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Hygrothermal Expansion is a Measures dimensional changes in composite laminates due to moisture and temperature.The formula is given by: Where: εtotal​ is the total strain. εthermal is the thermal strain. εmoisture​ is the moisture-induced strain.
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Delamination Growth Rate is a Measures the rate of interlayer separation. The formula is given by: Where: dt/dA​ is the rate of change of delamination area. KI​ is the stress intensity factor. ΔG is the change in the energy release rate.
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The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the proportional limit of the material. G is the modulus of rigidity in Pascal (Pa), τ is the shear stress in Pascal (Pa), γ is the shear strain (dimensionless).
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The speed of sound refers to the velocity at which sound waves propagate through a medium, such as air, water, or any substance capable of transmitting sound. As the medium’s temperature increases, the speed of sound generally increases, reflecting the increased kinetic energy of the molecules in the medium. In a standard atmosphere at sea
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Hydrodynamics is the study of the behavior of fluids in motion, particularly incompressible fluids such as water. It involves the analysis of fluid flow patterns, forces acting on fluids, and the effects of these forces on the surrounding environment. Where: F is the net force acting on the fluid (N), m is the mass of
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Halpin-Tsai Model is a Predicts composite shear modulus using fiber and matrix properties.The formula is given by: Where: Gcomposite​ is the shear modulus of the composite material. Gf​ is the shear modulus of the fiber. Gm​ is the shear modulus of the matrix.
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