Halpin-Tsai Model for Young’s Modulus is Fiber, matrix, and volume fraction influence composite material’s stiffness. The formula is given by: Where: α1 is a constant related to the fiber and matrix properties. EM is a Young’s Modulus of Matrix Material. EM is a Young’s Modulus of Fiber Material. vf is a volume of fiber
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Density of material is a mass per unit volume. The formula is given by: Where: ρ is the density of the material (usually measured in kilograms per cubic meter, kg/m³ or grams per cubic centimeter, g/cm³). m is the mass of the material (usually measured in kilograms, kg or grams, g). V is the volume of
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Total drag in aerodynamics is the sum of various drag components that act on an aircraft as it moves through the air. The total drag can be broken down into two main types: parasite drag and induced drag. Parasite Drag: Form Drag: Arises due to the shape and frontal area of the aircraft as it
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Torsional is a rotational force causing twisting deformation in materials or structures.The formula is given by: Where: τ is the shear stress at a given point on the shaft. T is the applied torque. r is the radial distance from the center of the shaft to the point where the stress is being calculated. J is
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Roark’s strain is an Analyzes material deformation under diverse loading conditions.The formula is given by: Where: ε is the engineering strain. ΔL is the change in length of the material. L0 is the original length of the material.
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The turn radius (R) in aviation refers to the horizontal distance from the center of a turn to the path followed by the aircraft during a coordinated turn. As the load factor increases, the turn radius decreases, and vice versa. This critical parameter, influenced by factors like airspeed and bank angle, is essential for understanding
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Lift force is the force perpendicular to the direction of motion, typically acting upward on an object in a fluid flow. The lift force can also be calculated using empirical and theoretical methods, and for aerodynamic lift, one common formula is: L is the lift force, CL is the lift coefficient, ρ is the density
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Comprehensive stress analysis equations for various engineering structures and materials. The formula is given by: Where: σ is the bending stress (in units of force per unit area, typically psi or Pa). M is the bending moment (in units of force multiplied by distance, typically lb·ft or N·m). y is the distance from the neutral axis
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Maximum shear stress equals difference between principal stresses divided by 2. The formula is given by: Where: τmax is the maximum shear stress. σ1 is the maximum principal stress. σ3 is the minimum principal stress.
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The Stall speed refers to the minimum airspeed at which an aircraft can maintain controlled flight without entering a stall. A stall occurs when the critical angle of attack is exceeded, leading to a disruption in the smooth airflow over the aircraft’s wings. The stall speed increases with an increase in load factor. The relationship
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