Hydrostatic force is the force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged surface due to the pressure distribution within the fluid. This force arises from the weight of the fluid above the surface and is perpendicular to the surface. Where: F is the hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on the submerged […]
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Bending moment equals flexural rigidity times curvature. The formula is given by: Where: M is the bending moment. D is the flexural rigidity of the plate, which depends on the material properties and the plate’s geometry. κ is the curvature of the plate.
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Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in or floating on its surface. It is a result of the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the object, which creates a net upward force. This phenomenon is governed by Archimedes’ Principle. Where: Fb is the buoyant force exerted
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The combined depth or thickness of layers in a laminate. The formula is given by: Where: tlaminate is the thickness of the laminate. n is the number of laminae. tlamina is the thickness of each lamina.
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The side force coefficient (Cy) is an aerodynamic parameter that describes the generation of lateral (side) force on an aircraft in response to sideslip. Sideslip occurs when the aircraft’s longitudinal axis is not aligned with the relative wind. The side force (Y) is the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the aircraft’s longitudinal axis. The formula
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Flexural modulus measures stiffness of a material under bending stress.The formula is given by: Where: E1 and E2 are the modulus of elasticity of the lamina material in directions 1 and 2 respectively. V1 and V2 are the volume fractions of the material in directions 1 and 2 respectively.
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The parasite drag (Dparasite) is a component of the total aerodynamic drag on an aircraft that is not associated with the generation of lift. It includes form drag, which is related to the shape of the aircraft, and skin friction drag, which arises from the friction of air moving over the surfaces. Minimizing parasite drag
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The rolling moment coefficient (Clp) is a dimensionless aerodynamic parameter that characterizes the tendency of an aircraft to roll in response to a change in roll rate. It is a key aspect of an aircraft’s lateral stability and control. A positive Clp indicates that an increase in roll rate leads to an additional rolling moment
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The yawing moment coefficient (Cn) is a dimensionless aerodynamic parameter that describes the rotational force, or moment, experienced by an airfoil or a wing around its vertical axis when subjected to a sideslip angle in an airstream. The yawing moment coefficient provides insight into how an aircraft responds to yawing motion. A positive Cn indicates
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Rule of mixtures is a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material. The formula is given by: Where: ρcomposite is the density of the composite material. Vf is the volume fraction of the reinforcement. ρreinforcement is the density of the reinforcement material. Vm is the volume fraction of the matrix. ρmatrix
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