Geometric altitude, also referred to as orthometric altitude or height above mean sea level (MSL), is a measure of an object’s elevation above a specified reference surface, typically the Earth’s mean sea level. It is measured along a straight line from a point on or above the Earth’s surface to a defined reference point, usually […]
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The altitude effect on velocity refers to the influence of altitude on the true airspeed (TAS) of an aircraft. As an aircraft ascends to higher altitudes, the density of the air decreases, leading to changes in aerodynamic performance and velocity. This effect is primarily attributed to the reduction in air density, which affects the aerodynamic
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The altitude effect on pressure refers to the phenomenon where atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. As you ascend in the Earth’s atmosphere, the air becomes less dense, resulting in a decrease in the number of air molecules per unit volume. Consequently, the weight of the column of air above you decreases, leading to a
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 The slowest speed an airplane can fly in straight, level, and unaccelerated flight is called the stall speed (Vstall). When an aircraft reaches its stall speed, the airflow over the wings becomes too disrupted to generate enough lift, causing the aircraft to lose its ability to maintain altitude and control. This phenomenon is known as
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The drag polar is a graphical representation in aerodynamics that illustrates the relationship between an aircraft’s lift coefficient (CL​) and its drag coefficient (CD​). It provides valuable insights into the aircraft’s aerodynamic performance by displaying how drag varies with changes in lift coefficient. However, the relationship between lift coefficient and drag coefficient can be described
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Bending moment measures internal force in structural elements like beams or columns resisting bending under load. The formula is given by: Where: F is the applied force perpendicular to the beam at that point. d is the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of the force
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Poisson’ ratio is defined as the ratio of lateral stress and longitudinal stress. Where: Lateral Strain is the change in width divided by the original width. Longitudinal Strain is the change in length divided by the original length.
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The Maximum Range of Glide refers to the farthest horizontal distance an aircraft can travel during descent without engine power. It is determined by factors such as the altitude loss during the glide and the aerodynamic efficiency of the aircraft, represented by its lift-to-drag ratio. The formula for maximum range of glide is: Where: R
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Tensile stress is the ratio of a stretching force acting on a material to the cross-sectional area of that material. The formula is given by: Where: (F) is the force applied to the material. (A) is the cross-sectional area of the material.
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True airspeed (TAS) is the actual speed of an aircraft relative to the surrounding air mass in which it is flying. It is measured with respect to the surrounding air rather than to the ground. TAS is a crucial parameter in aviation for flight planning, navigation, performance calculations, and ensuring safe and efficient operation of
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