Hertz contact stress happens when two elastic bodies touch under a load. It assumes perfect elasticity and small contact areas. Where: F is the applied force or load. a and b are the radii of curvature of the contacting surfaces. Â
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Load factor, in aviation, refers to the ratio of the lift force acting on an aircraft to the aircraft’s weight. It quantifies the amount of force experienced by an aircraft in flight relative to its weight and is expressed as a dimensionless number. The formula to calculate load factor (n) is: Where: n is the
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Geopotential altitude represents the height above a reference surface called the geopotential surface, which is a hypothetical surface where the gravitational acceleration is constant. Geopotential altitude helps in understanding the potential energy per unit mass of an aircraft in the Earth’s atmosphere. The formula to calculate geopotential altitude (Z) from geometric altitude (h) and the
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Density altitude is a measure used in aviation to assess the altitude at which the air density matches the density of the air at a given pressure altitude under standard atmospheric conditions. The formula to calculate density altitude (ℎ da​) from pressure altitude (ℎ pa​) and temperature deviation as follows: Where: h da is the density
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The rate of climb in terms of excess power refers to the rate at which an aircraft can ascend vertically based on the excess power available after overcoming the forces acting against it, such as drag and gravity. The rate of climb (ROC) in terms of excess power (P excess​) can be expressed by the
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In isotropic materials, stress and strain are related through Hooke’s Law, which states that stress is proportional to strain. The relationship between stress (σ) and strain (ε) can be expressed by the following equation: where: σ is the stress (measured in units of force per unit area, such as Pascals (Pa) or pounds per square
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In the field of astronautics and aerospace engineering, the rocket equation, also known as the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, plays a fundamental role in describing the motion of vehicles that utilize rocket propulsion. It establishes a relationship between the velocity of a rocket, the effective exhaust velocity of its propulsion system, and the natural logarithm of
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The thrust equation, a fundamental principle in physics and engineering, expresses how a propulsion system’s force relates to the mass flow rate of the propellant and the velocity at which it expels. Mathematically, it states that the system generates thrust by accelerating mass (exhaust gases) in one direction and that the pressure difference between the
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The rate of turn formula in aviation relates to the angular velocity of an aircraft as it changes direction in flight. It is typically expressed in degrees per second (°/s) or radians per second (rad/s). The formula for calculating the rate of turn (ROT) is: ROT is the rate of turn (in radians per second)
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Kinetic energy is defined as the energy an object possesses due to its motion. It is represented by the formula: KE is the kinetic energy m is the mass of the object V is its velocity. The SI unit of kinetic energy is the joule (J).
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