Propellant utilization involves efficiently using the propellant (fuel and oxidizer) of a rocket to achieve a specific mission objective, typically delivering a payload to a desired destination. Where: Propellant utilization (PU) expresses the efficiency of propellant usage as a percentage. mpayload The mass of the payload (the payload carried by the rocket) constitutes mpropellant​ is […]
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The ground effect factor is a parameter in aerodynamics that quantifies the influence of the proximity of the ground on the performance of an aircraft, particularly during takeoff and landing. It adjusts lift and drag calculations near the ground. In ground effect, the lift produced by the wings is enhanced, and the induced drag is
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The Prandtl-Glauert factor (P) is a correction used in aerodynamics to analyze lift and drag characteristics of an airfoil at high subsonic speeds, addressing compressibility effects as the aircraft nears the speed of sound. It corrects lift and drag coefficients calculated under incompressible flow assumptions, ensuring more accurate results at elevated subsonic speeds. The Prandtl-Glauert
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The Mach angle (θM​)is a crucial parameter in supersonic aerodynamics, representing the conical shape of shock waves formed around an object moving faster than the speed of sound. It depends on the Mach number (M), the ratio of the object’s speed to the speed of sound. As the Mach number increases, the Mach angle decreases,
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Lift is the force generated by an airfoil (such as a wing) as it moves through a fluid (typically air). Lift is generated by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil. Prandtl’s Lifting-Line Theory explains the lift distribution along a finite wing, incorporating the impact of circulation. It is especially
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Excess power in aviation refers to the surplus or extra power available to an aircraft’s engines beyond what is required to maintain straight and level flight. Positive excess power indicates the ability to climb, while negative excess power suggests an inability to climb at the given conditions. The formula to calculate Excess power required for
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Engineers use film cooling to shield surfaces from high temperatures, often in applications with combustion gases or hot fluids. It involves the introduction of a thin layer of cooler fluid (commonly air or a fuel-rich mixture) over the surface to create a protective barrier. Where: Ts​ is the temperature of the surface being cooled, Tw​
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Thrust chamber cooling refers to the process of managing and dissipating the immense heat generated within the combustion chamber of a rocket engine during operation. Where: Q˙​regen​ is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the chamber. Tchamber​ is the temperature of the combustion chamber wall. Tcoolant,in​ is the temperature of the coolant
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To calculate the temperature of a chamber, you typically need to consider various factors such as the heat input, heat loss, and the properties of the materials involved. The general formula for calculating temperature change involves the equation: Where: Q is the heat energy transferred (in Joules or calories), m is the mass of the
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The Prandtl number (Pr) is a dimensionless parameter that characterizes the relative importance of molecular diffusion to heat conduction in a fluid. It is widely used in fluid dynamics and heat transfer analyses. Pr is the Prandtl number, μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, cp​ is the specific heat at constant pressure,
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