Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSFC) measures an aircraft engine’s fuel efficiency, representing the amount of fuel consumed per unit of thrust. A lower TSFC indicates better fuel efficiency, enabling longer flights or extended operation on a set fuel quantity. The formula for TSFC in flight mechanics is given by: Where: TSFC is the Thrust Specific […]
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The hoop stress in a thin-walled cylinder refers to the circumferential stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder σθ is the hoop stress, P is the internal pressure, r is the radius of the cylinder, t is the thickness of the cylinder wall.
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Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. It quantifies the internal friction within the fluid. The relationship between shear stress (τ) and velocity gradient (du/dy) in a fluid is described by Newton’s law of viscosity, which can be expressed as: Where: τ is the shear stress, μ is the dynamic viscosity of the
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Bending stress is a measure of the internal forces that result from the bending of a structural element like a beam σ is the bending stress, M is the bending moment, y is the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the point of interest (also known as the distance to the outer fiber), I
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Velocity is the rate of change of displacement of fluid particles with respect to time. It represents how fast the fluid is moving. The formula for velocity (v) in fluid mechanics is simply: Where: v is the velocity (in meters per second, m/s). d/dt denotes the derivative with respect to time. d represents the displacement
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Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. It quantifies how much mass is contained in a given volume of fluid. The formula for density (ρ) in fluid mechanics is given by: Where, ρ is the density, m is the mass of the fluid, V is the volume of the fluid.
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Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a fluid on its surroundings. It is a measure of the intensity of the force exerted by the fluid. The formula for pressure (P) in fluid mechanics is given by: Where: P is the pressure, F is the force applied perpendicular to the surface, A is
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The sideslip angle (β) is the angle formed between the aircraft’s longitudinal axis and the relative wind, indicating the degree of lateral deviation from coordinated flight. The sideslip angle is crucial for controlling aerodynamic forces during maneuvers like slips and skids. Pilots rely on this information to maintain coordinated flight, especially in situations where wind
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Centripetal force in a turn refers to the inward force acting on an object moving along a curved path, directing it towards the center of the circle or arc of the turn. In a turn, an aircraft must generate the necessary centripetal force to counterbalance the inertia and maintain a curved path. The centripetal force
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Climb Gradient is a measure of an aircraft’s vertical climb performance and is defined as the ratio of the change in altitude to the horizontal distance traveled. The climb gradient is also known as the “angle of climb” or “rate of climb”. In a steady climb, the thrust must exceed the drag to provide the
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