Ground speed is the horizontal speed of an aircraft or other object relative to the Earth’s surface. It is the actual speed at which the object is moving over the ground. The ground speed is affected by both the true airspeed (the speed of the aircraft through the air) and the wind speed and direction. […]
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The center of buoyancy coincides with the centroid of the circular cross-section, and its position along the height (vertical direction).For more complex shapes or irregularly submerged objects, the calculation of the center of buoyancy may require more advanced techniques, such as numerical methods or computational fluid dynamics simulations. It can be calculated using the formula:
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Residual Stress is a Moment divided by cross-sectional area after curing.The formula is given by: Where: σresidual​ is the residual stress in the composite laminate. Mcured​ is the moment created by the cured composite laminate. A is the cross-sectional area of the laminate.
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Impact Resistance is a Maximum load per unit area during impact.The formula is given by: Where: IR​ is the impact resistance. Wmax​ is the maximum load experienced during impact. A is the area over which the load is applied.
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Curing Pressure Rate is a Change in pressure per unit time.The formula is given by: Where: R is the curing pressure rate. ΔP is the change in curing pressure. Δt is the corresponding change in time.
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Curing Pressure Profile is a Pressure variation over curing time.The formula is given by: Where: P(t) is the curing pressure at time t. P0​ is the initial curing pressure. R is the rate of change of curing pressure over time.
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The Hagen-Poiseuille equation provides a mathematical description of laminar flow in a cylindrical pipe, where the flow is smooth and orderly, with fluid particles moving in parallel layers. It shows that the volume flow rate is directly proportional to the fourth power of the pipe radius (r4), the pressure gradient (ΔP), and inversely proportional to
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The Thrust Required for Climbing Flight (Treq​) is the amount of engine thrust that an aircraft needs to generate in order to overcome aerodynamic drag and support its weight while ascending in a climb. In climbing flight, the aircraft is moving upward, and to maintain a climb, the thrust produced by the engines must be
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Curing Pressure Duration is a Time needed for applying curing pressure.The formula is given by: Where: t is the duration of curing pressure application. F is the applied force during curing. P is the curing pressure.
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The turn radius in an uncoordinated turn refers to the radius of the curved flight path an aircraft takes when executing a turn without proper coordination of roll and yaw motions. In an uncoordinated turn, the aircraft experiences sideslip, which means the heading and the track do not align, resulting in a skidding or slipping
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