For a rectangular cross-section with width b and height h, the moment of inertia I about an axis perpendicular to the base and passing through the centroid is given by: where: I = Moment of inertia (in meters to the fourth power, m⁴) b = Width of the rectangular cross-section (in meters, m) h = […]
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Entropy change for an isothermal heat transfer process refers to the change in entropy that occurs when heat is transferred between two systems at constant temperature. In such a process, the temperature of the systems involved remains constant throughout the transfer. The entropy change (ΔS) for an isothermal process is given by the ratio of
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The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine, known as the Carnot efficiency, is given by: Where: η is the efficiency of the Carnot engine (dimensionless), TC is the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir (in Kelvin, K), TH is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir (in Kelvin, K). The absolute temperature in Kelvin
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Flexural stress, also known as bending stress, is a type of stress that occurs when a material or structural element is subjected to bending or flexural loads. This type of stress is common in beams, bridges, columns, and other structural components. The flexural stress formula calculates the stress experienced by a material due to bending.
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The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is a measure of how effectively the engine converts thermal energy (heat) into mechanical work. It’s defined as the ratio of the work output of the engine to the heat input The formula for thermal efficiency is: In SI units, the units of work are joules (J)
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Change in kinetic energy refers to the difference between the initial and final kinetic energies of an object as it undergoes a change in velocity. The formula to calculate the change in kinetic energy (ΔKE) is given by: Where: ΔKE = Change in kinetic energy in (J) m = Mass of the object in (kg)
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Elongation, also known as tensile strain or engineering strain, is a measure of the deformation of a material along the axis of an applied tensile force. It is defined as the ratio of the change in length (ΔL) of a material to its original length (L0). The formula for elongation is given by: Where:
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Hooke’s Law describes the linear relationship between the stress applied to a material and the resulting strain within the elastic limit of the material. Mathematically, Hooke’s Law is expressed as: Where: σ is the stress applied to the material (in pascals, Pa or N/m²). E is the Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity of the
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Shear strain, denoted by the symbol γ, is a measure of deformation in a material caused by shear stress. It describes the relative displacement of layers within the material parallel to a plane where the shear stress is applied. The formula for shear strain is given by: Where: γ is the shear strain (unitless,
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Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. Mathematically, power (P) is defined as: Where: P is the power(J/s), W is the work done or energy transferred(J), and t is the time taken(s). The SI unit of power is the watt
