Minor losses refer to the energy losses that occur in a fluid flow system due to various factors such as bends, fittings, expansions, contractions, valves, and other obstructions.  Here are some formulas related to minor losses: The loss coefficient, often denoted as $K$, quantifies the effect of a particular component or fitting on the head loss in a fluid flow system. It is typically determined experimentally. The head loss due to a minor loss can be calculated using the following formula,

 Where:

• hL​ is the head loss due to the minor loss,
• $K$ is the loss coefficient,
• $V$ is the velocity of the fluid,
• $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity.