Author name: Akash Babu S L

The maximum shear stress (τ max​) in beams represents the highest shear stress experienced within a structural beam due to an applied shear force   τ max​ is the maximum shear stress, V is the applied shear force, and A is the cross-sectional area resisting the shear force.

Strain energy (U) is the potential energy stored within a material when subjected to external forces causing deformation   U is the strain energy, σ is the applied stress, ε is the resulting strain, and V is the volume over which the deformation occurs

Torsional strength (τ torsion​) is the maximum shear stress a material can withstand when subjected to torsional (twisting) loads   τ torsion​ is the torsional strength, Tmax​ is the maximum applied torque, and J is the polar moment of inertia.

Bearing strength (σbearing​) is a measure of the maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to contact or bearing loads   σbearing​ is the bearing strength, F bearing​ is the maximum bearing force, and A bearing​ is the effective bearing area.

Compressive strength (σcomp​) is a material property that represents the maximum stress a material can withstand under compressive loading   σcomp​ is the compressive strength, Fmax​ is the maximum compressive force, and A0​ is the initial cross-sectional area.

Ultimate Tensile Strength (σUTS​) is a material property that represents the maximum stress a material can withstand under tensile loading   σUTS​ is the ultimate tensile strength, Fmax​ is the maximum force or load applied during the tensile test, and A0​ is the initial cross-sectional area.

Flexural strength (σ flex​) is a material property that represents its ability to withstand deformation under bending or flexural loads   σ flex​ is the flexural strength, Mmax​ is the maximum bending moment, and S is the section modulus.

Yield strength (σy​) is a material property that represents the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically   σy​ is the yield strength, Fy​ is the yield force A0​ is the initial cross-sectional area.

The helical vortex is a theoretical concept used to model the vortical flow around lifting surfaces, such as wingtips   Γ is the circulation of the helical vortex, C is a constant, b is the wingspan, V is the velocity.

The Vortex Lift  describes the lift generated by a vortex system, often encountered in the context of delta wings or other highly swept wings.   Lvortex​ is the vortex lift force, ρ is the air density, Γ is the circulation of the vortex system, V is the velocity of the air.