Burn time equations are used to calculate the amount of time it takes for a substance or fuel to burn completely. The specific equation depends on the context, such as combustion in engines, rockets, or chemical reactions. where: Tburn is the burn time, m0 is the initial mass of the rocket, mf is the final […]
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Bypass airflow rate refers to the amount of air in an air conditioning or HVAC system that bypasses the intended cooling or heating process. In such systems, a certain percentage of air may not pass through the cooling coil or heat exchanger and instead flows directly back into the return air duct or outside the
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Engine specific impulse density (Isp) is a performance parameter used to characterize rocket engines and other propulsion systems. It measures the efficiency of an engine in converting propellant mass flow rate into thrust. Specifically, it represents the impulse produced per unit of propellant mass consumed. Where: Isp is the specific impulse density (s/kg), F is
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The Beer-Lambert law, also known as the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law, relates the absorbance of light to the properties of the material through which the light is passing. Where: A is the absorbance of the sample. ϵ (epsilon) is the molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient, a constant characteristic of the substance at a particular wavelength. c
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The Henry’s law constant (k) can also be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of the gas in the liquid phase to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas phase at equilibrium, at a specific temperature. Where: C is the concentration of the gas in the liquid (usually in mol/L or mmol/L),
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The Bohr radius, denoted as a0, is a fundamental physical constant in quantum mechanics that represents the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen-like ion in its ground state. Where: a0 is the Bohr radius, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity (electric constant), ℏ is the reduced
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Pascal’s law, also known as Pascal’s principle, states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container. Where: P is the pressure exerted in pascals (Pa), F is the force applied perpendicular to the surface in newtons (N),
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The area ratio equation for nozzles is a fundamental formula used in fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of compressible flow through nozzles. It relates the cross-sectional area of the nozzle at the throat to the cross-sectional area at the inlet (or exit) of the nozzle. This ratio is crucial in determining the flow properties,
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Convection heat transfer is a mode of heat transfer where energy is transferred between a surface and a fluid (liquid or gas) due to the bulk motion of the fluid. This process involves the movement of fluid particles carrying thermal energy from a hot surface to a cooler surface or vice versa. where: Q is
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Energy conservation equations are fundamental in physics and engineering, describing the principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The general form of the energy conservation equation is: Where: ΔE represents the change in total energy of a system. Q represents the heat added to the system. W
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