Author name: Arshad Arif A.S

The propeller tip speed refers to the linear velocity at which the outermost point or tip of a propeller blade moves through the air or water. It is a crucial parameter in propeller design and performance analysis.

The jet flow deflection angle commonly occurs in fluid mechanics, particularly in scenarios involving fluid flow through nozzles, ducts, or channels where the flow encounters obstacles or deflectors. Where: θ is the deflection angle, V1​ is the initial velocity of the jet flow, and V2​ is the velocity of the jet flow after deflection.

 In fluid dynamics, we use the term “ram pressure” to describe the pressure that fluid exerts on an object as it moves through the fluid. This pressure arises from the kinetic energy of the fluid molecules colliding with the surface of the object. Ram pressure increases with the square of the velocity of the fluid

Mass ratio variation refers to the change in the ratio of masses between two objects or systems over a given period or under specific conditions. You typically calculate mass ratio variation by comparing the final mass ratio to the initial mass ratio and expressing the change as a percentage or a decimal value.  

The term “throat area” typically refers to the cross-sectional area of the throat, which is the part of the body located at the back of the mouth and nasal cavity. In human anatomy, the throat serves as a passageway for both air and food, connecting the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus and trachea

In aviation and aerospace engineering, engineers use thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) to quantify how efficiently an engine converts fuel into thrust. It represents the amount of fuel consumed by an engine per unit of thrust generated.

Flow rate refers to the quantity of fluid (liquid or gas) that passes through a specific point within a given period of time. Common units for expressing flow rate include liters per minute, cubic meters per hour, and gallons per minute. Flow rate is a crucial parameter in various fields including engineering, physics, fluid dynamics,

Heat transfer rate refers to the quantity of heat energy transferred per unit of time between two substances or systems due to a temperature difference. Heat transfer can occur through three main mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Where: Q is the heat transfer rate (in watts or joules per second) k is the thermal conductivity

Viscous dissipation refers to the conversion of mechanical energy into heat due to the internal friction within a fluid. The formula for calculating viscous dissipation in a fluid flow system can be expressed as Where: μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. v is the velocity vector field of the fluid. ∇⋅v is the

The formula for calculating sonic velocity (the speed of sound) in a fluid depends on the properties of the fluid, such as its density (ρ) and bulk modulus (K). In a gas, the sonic velocity (vs) can be approximated using the equation: Where: vs​ = Sonic velocity (m/s) K = Bulk modulus of the fluid