The total lift coefficient (CL) is a measure of the total lift or upward force generated by an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. It is composed of two main components: the section lift coefficient (cl) and the induced lift coefficient (cli). The section lift coefficient is the lift per unit […]
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The total drag coefficient for a small angle of attack (Cd​) refers to the drag coefficient of an airfoil or aircraft when it is operating at a small angle of attack (α) with respect to the oncoming airflow. In this context, “small angle of attack” typically means that α is sufficiently small so that the
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The total drag coefficient (cd) is a dimensionless quantity that measures the total drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. It is composed of two main components: the drag coefficient at zero lift (cdo) and the induced drag coefficient (cdi). The drag coefficient at zero lift is
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The wave-drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that measures the drag due to shock waves on a body moving at supersonic or hypersonic speeds. It is defined as the ratio of the wave drag force to the dynamic pressure times the reference area of the body. The wave-drag coefficient depends on the shape, size, and
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Lift is the force that acts perpendicular to the direction of the airflow and supports the weight of an aircraft in flight. The amount of lift depends on several factors, such as the shape, size, and angle of the wing, the speed and density of the air, and the air pressure above and below the
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The lift-to-drag ratio is a measure of the aerodynamic efficiency of a lifting body. It is defined as the ratio of the lift force to the drag force acting on the body. The higher the lift-to-drag ratio, the less drag the body experiences for a given amount of lift. For inviscid supersonic or hypersonic flow
The drag coefficient with normal force coefficient is a formula that relates the drag force acting on a body in a fluid flow to the normal force coefficient and the angle of attack of the body. The normal force coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that measures the normal force acting on the body per unit
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The drag coefficient with normal force coefficient is a formula that relates the drag force acting on a body in a fluid flow to the normal force coefficient and the angle of attack of the body. The normal force coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that measures the normal force acting on the body per unit
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The lift coefficient with angle of attack is a dimensionless quantity that measures the ratio of the lift force acting on a body to the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow and the reference area of the body. The lift coefficient depends on the angle of attack, which is the angle between the free-stream velocity
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The normal force coefficient for a flat plate (cn) is a dimensionless quantity that measures the ratio of the normal force acting on the plate to the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow. The normal force is the component of the aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the plate surface, and the dynamic pressure is
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