Author name: Bhagiya Prasad

The Mach number (Ma) is a dimensionless quantity that represents the ratio of the speed of an object or fluid to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium.  M is the Mach number, V∞ is the freestream velocity of the object or fluid, a∞ is the speed of sound in the medium 

The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that represents the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a fluid flow. Re is the Reynolds number, ρ∞ is the density of the freestream fluid, V∞ is the velocity of the freestream fluid relative to the object (freestream velocity), c is a characteristic length of

The speed of sound refers to the velocity at which sound waves propagate through a medium. It is the rate at which small pressure disturbances, or sound waves, travel through the substance. The speed of sound varies depending on the properties of the medium, such as its temperature and density.  a∞ is the speed of

The pressure coefficient, denoted as “Cp,” is a dimensionless parameter used in fluid dynamics and aerodynamics to describe the pressure distribution around an object immersed in a fluid flow. It is a normalized measure of the pressure at a particular point on the object relative to the freestream dynamic pressure of the fluid.  Cp: Pressure

The skin-friction coefficient, denoted as “cf” is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid dynamics to characterize the frictional drag experienced by a fluid flowing over a solid surface.       cf- Skin-friction coefficient τ- Skin friction or shear stress acting on the surface of the body q∞- Dynamic pressure of the freestream flow

The pitching moment coefficient (CM) is another important dimensionless quantity used in aerodynamics to describe the pitching moment acting on a body, typically an airfoil or wing, in a fluid flow. It is a crucial parameter in understanding the stability and control characteristics of an aircraft. CM = Pitching moment coefficient M = Actual pitching

The axial force coefficient (CA) is a dimensionless quantity used in aerodynamics to describe the axial force acting on a body, such as an airfoil or wing, due to the fluid flow. It is one of the force coefficients used to understand the aerodynamic behavior of bodies in fluid flows. CA = Axial force coefficient

In aerodynamics, the normal force coefficient (CN​) is a dimensionless parameter used to describe the lift or downforce generated by an object, such as an airfoil, wing, or any other body moving through a fluid, typically air. The normal force refers to the force that is perpendicular to the freestream flow direction. ​ CN​ is

The coefficient of drag (CD​) is a dimensionless quantity used in aerodynamics to describe the amount of drag generated by an object as it moves through a fluid, such as air. CD​ is the drag coefficient, D is the drag force acting on the object, q∞​ is the dynamic pressure of the freestream flow (far

The lift coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient that relates the lift generated by a lifting body to the fluid density around the body, the fluid velocity and an associated reference area. The lift coefficient is used to determine the lift generated by an airfoil or other lifting body at a given angle of attack. L