Author name: Gokul Dravid

Flow rate of Velocity, often denoted by Q, refers to the volume of fluid that passes through a given point in a flow system per unit time. The formula for calculating flow rate of Velocity (Q) can be expressed as: Where, Q is the flow rate,  A is the cross-sectional area of the flow,  V […]

The formula for flow velocity (V) can be expressed as the ratio of the flow rate (Q) to the cross-sectional area (A) through which the fluid is flowing: ​ Where: V is the flow velocity, Q is the flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area.  

Transonic flow refers to the flow of a fluid around an object at velocities close to, but both below and above, the speed of sound in that fluid. Where: Ma is the Mach number. V is the velocity of the object or fluid. a is the speed of sound in the medium.

In laminar flow, the fluid moves according to Newton’s law of viscosity, which states that the shear stress (τ) between adjacent fluid layers is directly proportional to the velocity gradient (du/dy) perpendicular to the direction of flow and the dynamic viscosity (μ) of the fluid: Where, τ is the shear stress, μ is the dynamic

The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics to predict the flow regime around an object or within a fluid flow. It’s named after Osborne Reynolds, a British engineer who popularized its use. The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is given by

Drag reduction refers to the process of minimizing the aerodynamic drag experienced by an object moving through a fluid (such as air or water). Aerodynamic drag is the resistance force exerted by the fluid on the object in the direction opposite to its motion. Drag Reduction can be calculated using the following formula: Where, F

Hydrodynamics is the study of the behavior of fluids in motion, particularly incompressible fluids such as water. It involves the analysis of fluid flow patterns, forces acting on fluids, and the effects of these forces on the surrounding environment. Where: F is the net force acting on the fluid (N), m is the mass of

Lift force is the force perpendicular to the direction of motion, typically acting upward on an object in a fluid flow. The lift force can also be calculated using empirical and theoretical methods, and for aerodynamic lift, one common formula is: L is the lift force, CL​ is the lift coefficient, ρ is the density

Hydrostatic force is the force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged surface due to the pressure distribution within the fluid. This force arises from the weight of the fluid above the surface and is perpendicular to the surface. Where: F is the hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on the submerged

Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in or floating on its surface. It is a result of the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the object, which creates a net upward force. This phenomenon is governed by Archimedes’ Principle. Where: Fb​ is the buoyant force exerted