Author name: GULSHAN SHAFI

Bending stress calculation based on loading and timber geometry.The formula is given by: Where: Fb​ is the bending stress in the timber member. M is the bending moment applied to the member. S is the section modulus of the member.

Degree of moment redistribution in continuous beams after yielding.The formula is given by: Where: Mmax​ is the maximum moment at the critical section. Mult​ is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

Dynamic behavior of structures under varying loads over time.The formula is given by: Where: m is the mass of the structure. c is the damping coefficient. k is the stiffness of the structure. x is the displacement of the structure from its equilibrium position. ˙x˙ is the velocity of the structure. ¨x¨ is the acceleration of

Total load divided by the area of the slab.The formula is given by: Where: W is the total load applied to the slab, and A is the area of the slab over which the load is distributed.

Ratio of ultimate load to allowable load for structural analysis.The formula is given by: Where: Ultimate Load is the maximum load that a structure can withstand without failure. Allowable Load is the maximum load that the structure is designed to support safely under normal conditions without causing excessive deformation or failure.

Total strain from creep, shrinkage, and elastic deformation combined.The formula is given by: Where: ϵtotal​ is the total strain in concrete. ϵelastic is the elastic strain, typically calculated using Hooke’s Law (σ=E⋅ϵ). ϵcreep​ is the creep strain, which accounts for the time-dependent deformation of concrete under sustained loads. It is often modeled empirically or using creep

Dynamic Modulus is a Stress divided by strain under dynamic loading.The formula is given by: Where: σ stress in N/m² ε strain

Rebound velocity divided by impact velocity gives restitution coefficient.The formula is given by: Where: vrebound is a ​rebound velocity. vimpact is a impact velocity.

Residual Stress is a Moment divided by cross-sectional area after curing.The formula is given by: Where: σresidual​ is the residual stress in the composite laminate. Mcured​ is the moment created by the cured composite laminate. A is the cross-sectional area of the laminate.

Impact Resistance is a Maximum load per unit area during impact.The formula is given by: Where: IR​ is the impact resistance. Wmax​ is the maximum load experienced during impact. A is the area over which the load is applied.