Author name: GULSHAN SHAFI

Dimensionless frequency ratio characterizing fluid flow around objects.The formula is given by: Where: St is the Strouhal number, f is the frequency of oscillation, L is a characteristic length (such as the diameter of a cylinder), V is the velocity of the fluid flow.

The Froude number (Fr) is defined as the ratio of the velocity of a fluid to the square root of the product of the acceleration due to gravity (g) and a characteristic length (L) of the system. The formula for the Froude number is: Where: Fr is the Froude number, V is the velocity of

In composite and structural engineering, the aspect ratio of a structure or component is typically defined as the ratio of its longer dimension to its shorter dimension. The formula is given by: Where; L is a length. W is a Width.

The mode shape equation in structural engineering typically describes the spatial distribution of displacement or deformation of a structure’s vibrational mode. It is often represented mathematically as: Where: u(x) is the displacement or deformation at position x along the structure, A is the amplitude of the mode shape, n is the mode number (1, 2,

The Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless number used in heat transfer calculations. It’s defined as the ratio of convective heat transfer resistance to conductive heat transfer resistance within a solid object. The formula to calculate the Biot number is: Where: Bi is the Biot number h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (in W/m^2K)

Composite materials exhibit varied Reynolds numbers due to complex structures.The formula is given by: Where: ρ is the density of the fluid, V is the velocity of the fluid relative to the object, L is a characteristic linear dimension, and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

The Prandtl number (Pr) is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity. Its formula is: Where: μ is the dynamic viscosity, ρ is the density of the fluid, α is the thermal diffusivity.

Mach number is a impacts wave propagation and material behavior in composites.The formula is given by:   a is the speed of sound in a composite material can be determined based on the material properties. ρ is the Density E is the Elastic modulus.

Heat transfer rate equals thermal conductivity times temperature gradient divided.The formula is given by: Where: q is the rate of heat transfer (in watts or joules per second) k is the thermal conductivity of the material (in watts per meter per kelvin) A is the cross-sectional area through which heat is transferred (in square meters)

Modal analysis equation describes the dynamics of a structure under loads.The formula is given by: Where: M is the mass matrix, C is the damping matrix, K is the stiffness matrix, q is the vector of modal displacements, ¨q¨​ is the vector of modal accelerations, ˙q˙​ is the vector of modal velocities, and F is the