Bypass airflow rate refers to the amount of air in an air conditioning or HVAC system that bypasses the intended cooling or heating process. In such systems, a certain percentage of air may not pass through the cooling coil or heat exchanger and instead flows directly back into the return air duct or outside the […]
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Engine specific impulse density (Isp) is a performance parameter used to characterize rocket engines and other propulsion systems. It measures the efficiency of an engine in converting propellant mass flow rate into thrust. Specifically, it represents the impulse produced per unit of propellant mass consumed. Where: Isp is the specific impulse density (s/kg), F is
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The Beer-Lambert law, also known as the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law, relates the absorbance of light to the properties of the material through which the light is passing. Where: A is the absorbance of the sample. ϵ (epsilon) is the molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient, a constant characteristic of the substance at a particular wavelength. c
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The Henry’s law constant (k) can also be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of the gas in the liquid phase to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas phase at equilibrium, at a specific temperature. Where: C is the concentration of the gas in the liquid (usually in mol/L or mmol/L),
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The Bohr radius, denoted as a0, is a fundamental physical constant in quantum mechanics that represents the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen-like ion in its ground state. Where: a0 is the Bohr radius, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity (electric constant), ℏ is the reduced
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Pascal’s law, also known as Pascal’s principle, states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container. Where: P is the pressure exerted in pascals (Pa), F is the force applied perpendicular to the surface in newtons (N),
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In aircraft design, the lift formula is a fundamental equation used to calculate the lift force generated by an airfoil (such as a wing) as it moves through the air. The lift force is what enables an aircraft to overcome gravity and achieve flight. The lift formula is typically expressed as: Where: L is the
The area ratio equation for nozzles is a fundamental formula used in fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of compressible flow through nozzles. It relates the cross-sectional area of the nozzle at the throat to the cross-sectional area at the inlet (or exit) of the nozzle. This ratio is crucial in determining the flow properties,
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The lift of an airfoil refers to the upward force generated by the airfoil when it interacts with a fluid flow, typically air. This force is perpendicular to the direction of the flow and is a result of the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil. Lift enables an aircraft to
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Convection heat transfer is a mode of heat transfer where energy is transferred between a surface and a fluid (liquid or gas) due to the bulk motion of the fluid. This process involves the movement of fluid particles carrying thermal energy from a hot surface to a cooler surface or vice versa. where: Q is
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