The velocity flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid along a streamline is governed by Bernoulli’s equation. This equation describes the conservation of energy along a streamline in a steady flow of an ideal fluid, where no energy is lost due to friction or viscosity.  V is the velocity at a specific point in the flow […]

The time period of a pendulum’s oscillation refers to the time it takes for the pendulum to complete one full back-and-forth swing, from one extreme point to the other and back again. It is the time duration of a single oscillation.  T is the time period of the pendulum’s oscillation (measured in seconds). π (pi)

Mass flux, also known as mass flow flux or mass transfer flux, is a measure of the amount of mass passing through a unit area per unit of time. It is used to describe the rate at which mass is transferred across a specified surface or interface. mass flux  is the mass flow rate per

Mass flow refers to the movement or transfer of mass (matter) through a specific point or area within a given period of time.  ṁ is the mass flow rate (measured in kg/s or other mass units per unit of time). ρ is the density of the fluid (measured in kg/m³). Vn is the velocity of

The power required for stable flight refers to the amount of power that an aircraft’s propulsion system must generate to maintain a steady and level flight at a constant speed. It is the power needed to overcome the total drag force acting on the aircraft. For steady level flight, the lift force is equal to

The power required for unsteady flight depends on the specific flight maneuver being performed, the changing flight conditions, and the aerodynamic forces acting on the aircraft. Unlike steady level flight, unsteady flight involves changes in velocity, acceleration, and orientation, which make the power required calculation more complex.  Preq is the power required for unsteady flight

Specific Heat Ratio is defined as the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) to the specific heat at constant volume (Cv) for a given substance.  γ (gamma) = Specific heat ratio-dimensionless Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure in J/(kg·K)  Cv = Specific heat at constant volume in J/(kg·K) 

The wave drag coefficient (Cw) is a dimensionless quantity used in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to describe the contribution of wave drag to the total drag experienced by an object moving through a fluid (usually air or water) at high speeds. Wave drag is a significant form of drag that occurs when an object’s speed approaches