Buoyancy force is the upward force exerted on an object when it is immersed or partially submerged in a fluid (liquid or gas). It is a result of the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the submerged object. 𝜌 (rho) is the density of the fluid (in kg/m³) 𝜈 is the volume of the […]
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The term “polar” refers to the polar curve, which is a graphical representation of an aircraft’s performance characteristics. In aviation, the most common polar curve is the lift coefficient versus drag coefficient curve, often referred to as the “lift-drag polar.” Cd = Cd0 + (Cl^2 / (π * e * A)) Cd: Total drag coefficient,
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The Prandtl number is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics and heat transfer to describe the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity in a fluid. Pr is the Prandtl number, μ∞ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid at a reference temperature, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure of the fluid
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The Mach number (Ma) is a dimensionless quantity that represents the ratio of the speed of an object or fluid to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium. M is the Mach number, V∞ is the freestream velocity of the object or fluid, a∞ is the speed of sound in the medium
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The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that represents the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a fluid flow. Re is the Reynolds number, ρ∞ is the density of the freestream fluid, V∞ is the velocity of the freestream fluid relative to the object (freestream velocity), c is a characteristic length of
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The speed of sound refers to the velocity at which sound waves propagate through a medium. It is the rate at which small pressure disturbances, or sound waves, travel through the substance. The speed of sound varies depending on the properties of the medium, such as its temperature and density. a∞ is the speed of
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stalling speed (Vs) refers to the minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain level flight without stalling. Stalling occurs when the critical angle of attack is exceeded, and the airflow over the wings becomes separated, leading to a loss of lift and a significant decrease in the aircraft’s performance. Vs is the speed of
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The pressure coefficient, denoted as “Cp,” is a dimensionless parameter used in fluid dynamics and aerodynamics to describe the pressure distribution around an object immersed in a fluid flow. It is a normalized measure of the pressure at a particular point on the object relative to the freestream dynamic pressure of the fluid. Cp: Pressure
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The skin-friction coefficient, denoted as “cf” is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid dynamics to characterize the frictional drag experienced by a fluid flowing over a solid surface. cf- Skin-friction coefficient τ- Skin friction or shear stress acting on the surface of the body q∞- Dynamic pressure of the freestream flow
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The pitching moment coefficient (CM) is another important dimensionless quantity used in aerodynamics to describe the pitching moment acting on a body, typically an airfoil or wing, in a fluid flow. It is a crucial parameter in understanding the stability and control characteristics of an aircraft. CM = Pitching moment coefficient M = Actual pitching
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