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The Turbulent Prandtl Number, denoted as PrT, is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics to characterize the behavior of turbulent flows with respect to heat transfer. It is an extension of the concept of Prandtl Number (Pr), which is used for laminar flows.  μT is the eddy viscosity of the fluid (momentum diffusivity). cp […]

Turbulent thermal conductivity (kT​) refers to the effective thermal conductivity of a fluid when it is experiencing turbulent flow. Thermal conductivity is a property that quantifies a material’s ability to conduct heat, representing the rate at which heat is transferred through the material due to a temperature gradient.  kT​ is the turbulent thermal conductivity, μT​

The velocity potential represents the scalar potential function in the two-dimensional irrotational flow, and it helps describe the flow patterns resulting from fluid emanating radially from a single point (source) or converging toward it (sink). It is a fundamental concept in potential flow theory, which assumes that the flow is inviscid (neglects viscosity) and irrotational

The induced angle of attack (αi​) is an aerodynamic term used to describe the effective angle of attack experienced by a wing or lifting body due to the presence of downwash from its own circulation. When an airfoil or wing generates lift, it creates a circulation around its surface, which leads to a downward deflection

The downwash (w) is the vertical component of the velocity resulting from the generation of lift by the lifting body. As the airfoil or wing generates lift, it induces a circulation (Γ) around its surface. This circulation is related to the lift and the circulation distribution along the wing span. The downwash velocity decreases with

In aerodynamics, an elliptical lift distribution refers to a specific type of lift distribution along the span of an airfoil or wing. It is an ideal lift distribution that results in minimum induced drag for a given amount of lift. An elliptical lift distribution is known for its aerodynamic efficiency since it minimizes induced drag,

Overall lift refers to the total upward force generated on an object, such as an airfoil or wing, when it is subjected to a fluid flow (e.g., air). The overall lift force is a result of the pressure distribution and the circulation around the object due to its interaction with the fluid flow. When air

This circulation distribution is often encountered in aerodynamics and potential flow theory, particularly when analyzing airfoils or wings with a certain circulation distribution along their span. The expression indicates that the circulation is zero at the edges (when 2y=±b/2) and reaches its maximum value Γ0​ at the centerline (when y=0). The shape of the circulation

A doublet flow is a potential flow solution that represents the flow field around a doublet. A doublet is a combination of a source and a sink located at the same point with equal strengths but opposite signs. The doublet flow has interesting flow characteristics. It creates a flow pattern where fluid flows radially towards

The stream function (ψ) is a mathematical function used to describe the flow of an incompressible fluid in two-dimensional flow scenarios. For a combined flow, the stream function represents the superposition of two or more individual flows. The combined flow can be achieved by adding or subtracting the stream functions of the individual flows.  The