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Elongation, also known as tensile strain or engineering strain, is a measure of the deformation of a material along the axis of an applied tensile force. It is defined as the ratio of the change in length (ΔL) of a material to its original length (L0​). The formula for elongation is given by: ​ Where: […]
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Hooke’s Law describes the linear relationship between the stress applied to a material and the resulting strain within the elastic limit of the material. Mathematically, Hooke’s Law is expressed as: Where: σ is the stress applied to the material (in pascals, Pa or N/m²). E is the Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity of the
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Shear strain, denoted by the symbol γ, is a measure of deformation in a material caused by shear stress. It describes the relative displacement of layers within the material parallel to a plane where the shear stress is applied. The formula for shear strain is given by: ​ Where: γ is the shear strain (unitless,
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Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. Mathematically, power (P) is defined as:    ​ Where: P is the power(J/s), W is the work done or energy transferred(J), and t is the time taken(s). The SI unit of power is the watt
Energy can exist in numerous forms, such as chemical, electrical, kinetic, potential, mechanical, thermal, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system. The total energy of a system per unit mass is denoted by e and is defined as Where: e is the specific energy in joules per kilogram (J/kg),
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Volumetric strain, also known as bulk strain or volume strain, is a measure of the change in volume of a material under the influence of stress or pressure. It is defined as the ratio of the change in volume (ΔV) to the original volume (V) of the material. The formula for volumetric strain (ϵvol​) in
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Normal strain, also known as axial strain, is a measure of the deformation or change in size of a material along the direction of the applied force or stress. It is defined as the ratio of the change in length (ΔL) to the original length (L) of the material. The formula for normal strain (ϵaxial​)
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The Poisson’s ratio is a material property that relates the lateral strain (strain perpendicular to the applied stress) to the axial strain (strain parallel to the applied stress) in a material when subjected to stress. It is denoted by the symbol ν (nu) and is a dimensionless quantity. The formula for Poisson’s ratio (ν) in
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Bulk stress, also known as volume stress or hydrostatic stress, is a measure of the pressure applied uniformly in all directions within a material. It is typically denoted by the symbol , σ (sigma) and is expressed in pascals (Pa) in the International System of Units (SI). The formula for bulk stress is given by:
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The compressibility factor (Z) is a dimensionless quantity used in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics to describe the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior. It is defined as the ratio of the molar volume of a real gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. The
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