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Torsional stress is the stress experienced by a material or structural component when subjected to twisting or torsional loads, The formula for calculating torsional stress depends on the geometry of the component and the applied torque. For a circular shaft or rod with radius r and subjected to a torque T, the formula for torsional […]
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The polar moment of inertia J is a property of the shaft’s cross-sectional area and is needed to calculate torsional stress. For a circular shaft with radius r, the polar moment of inertia J is given by: where: J = Polar moment of inertia (in meters to the fourth power, m⁴) r = Radius
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For a circular cross-section with radius r, the moment of inertia I about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the circle and passing through its center is given by: where: I = Moment of inertia (in meters to the fourth power, m⁴) r = Radius of the circular cross-section (in meters, m)
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The adiabatic efficiency of a turbine is a measure of how efficiently it converts the enthalpy drop of the working fluid into mechanical work under adiabatic conditions (no heat transfer). It is typically denoted by the symbol ηad and is given by the ratio of the actual work done by the turbine to the ideal
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For a rectangular cross-section with width b and height h, the moment of inertia I about an axis perpendicular to the base and passing through the centroid is given by: where: I = Moment of inertia (in meters to the fourth power, m⁴) b = Width of the rectangular cross-section (in meters, m) h =
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Entropy change for an isothermal heat transfer process refers to the change in entropy that occurs when heat is transferred between two systems at constant temperature. In such a process, the temperature of the systems involved remains constant throughout the transfer. The entropy change (ΔS) for an isothermal process is given by the ratio of
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The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine, known as the Carnot efficiency, is given by: Where: η is the efficiency of the Carnot engine (dimensionless), TC is the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir (in Kelvin, K), TH is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir (in Kelvin, K). The absolute temperature in Kelvin
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Flexural stress, also known as bending stress, is a type of stress that occurs when a material or structural element is subjected to bending or flexural loads. This type of stress is common in beams, bridges, columns, and other structural components. The flexural stress formula calculates the stress experienced by a material due to bending.
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The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is a measure of how effectively the engine converts thermal energy (heat) into mechanical work. It’s defined as the ratio of the work output of the engine to the heat input The formula for thermal efficiency is: In SI units, the units of work are joules (J)
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Change in kinetic energy refers to the difference between the initial and final kinetic energies of an object as it undergoes a change in velocity. The formula to calculate the change in kinetic energy (ΔKE) is given by: Where: ΔKE = Change in kinetic energy in (J) m = Mass of the object in (kg)
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