The critical thickness formula typically refers to the critical thickness of a thin film for a given material system. This critical thickness is the maximum thickness below which the film remains coherent and above which it becomes strained or even fragmented due to lattice mismatch or other factors. The critical thickness (tc​) can be calculated […]
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The thermal resistance R of a material or a structure is typically defined as the ratio of the temperature difference (ΔT) across the material or structure to the heat transfer rate (Q) through it. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: Where: R is the thermal resistance (in units of K/W), ΔT is the temperature difference
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Collision frequency, in physics, often refers to the rate at which particles collide within a system, such as in gases or plasmas. The collision frequency depends on various factors such as the density of particles, their velocities, and the cross-sectional area of interaction. The collision frequency, denoted by Z, can be calculated for a gas
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The discharge coefficient (Cv) is a dimensionless parameter used in fluid dynamics to quantify the efficiency of a flow control device, such as a valve, nozzle, or orifice, in allowing fluid to pass through it. It represents the ratio of the actual flow rate through the device to the theoretical flow rate based solely on
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Atmospheric air pressure, often simply referred to as air pressure, is the force exerted per unit area by the weight of the atmosphere above a given point on the Earth’s surface or within the atmosphere itself. It is caused by the gravitational attraction of the Earth on the air molecules composing the atmosphere. As altitude
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Humidity of air refers to the amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere. It’s a key component of weather and climate, influencing factors such as temperature, precipitation, and the formation of clouds. Humidity is a crucial factor in human comfort, as it affects how hot or cold we perceive the temperature to be. Absolute
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The coefficient of performance (COP) is a measure of the efficiency of a device that uses work or energy to perform a particular task, such as heating, cooling, or refrigeration. It represents the ratio of the desired output or effect of the device to the required input or work put into the device. COP is
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The section modulus (S) is a measure of a beam’s resistance to bending stresses. It is defined as the ratio of the moment of inertia (I) to the maximum distance from the neutral axis (c) of the beam’s cross-section. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: ​ where: S = Section modulus (in meters cubed, m³)
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The maximum bending stress (σmax​) is the highest stress experienced by a beam’s cross-section when subjected to bending moments. It usually occurs at the top or bottom fibers of the beam depending on the bending direction. The formula for maximum bending stress in a beam under a bending moment (M) can be given as: ​
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Hooke’s Law for shear stress is a fundamental principle in the field of strength of materials, stating that the shear stress (Ï„) in a material is directly proportional to the shear strain (γ) experienced by the material, as long as the material remains within its elastic limit. Mathematically, Hooke’s Law for shear stress can be
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