Strength of Materials 

The Poisson’s ratio is a material property that relates the lateral strain (strain perpendicular to the applied stress) to the axial strain (strain parallel to the applied stress) in a material when subjected to stress. It is denoted by the symbol ν (nu) and is a dimensionless quantity. The formula for Poisson’s ratio (ν) in […]

Bulk stress, also known as volume stress or hydrostatic stress, is a measure of the pressure applied uniformly in all directions within a material. It is typically denoted by the symbol , σ (sigma) and is expressed in pascals (Pa) in the International System of Units (SI). The formula for bulk stress is given by:

The internal energy of an ideal gas is a measure of its microscopic kinetic and potential energies. For an ideal gas, it depends solely on the temperature of the gas and is independent of pressure or volume. The internal energy of an ideal gas is given by the equation: Where: U is the internal energy

Burn time equations are used to calculate the amount of time it takes for a substance or fuel to burn completely. The specific equation depends on the context, such as combustion in engines, rockets, or chemical reactions. where: Tburn​ is the burn time, m0​ is the initial mass of the rocket, mf​ is the final

Bypass airflow rate refers to the amount of air in an air conditioning or HVAC system that bypasses the intended cooling or heating process. In such systems, a certain percentage of air may not pass through the cooling coil or heat exchanger and instead flows directly back into the return air duct or outside the

Engine specific impulse density (Isp) is a performance parameter used to characterize rocket engines and other propulsion systems. It measures the efficiency of an engine in converting propellant mass flow rate into thrust. Specifically, it represents the impulse produced per unit of propellant mass consumed. Where: Isp is the specific impulse density (s/kg), F is

The Beer-Lambert law, also known as the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law, relates the absorbance of light to the properties of the material through which the light is passing. Where: A is the absorbance of the sample. ϵ (epsilon) is the molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient, a constant characteristic of the substance at a particular wavelength. c

The Henry’s law constant (k) can also be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of the gas in the liquid phase to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas phase at equilibrium, at a specific temperature. Where: C is the concentration of the gas in the liquid (usually in mol/L or mmol/L),