The coefficient of performance (COP) is a measure of the efficiency of a device that uses work or energy to perform a particular task, such as heating, cooling, or refrigeration. It represents the ratio of the desired output or effect of the device to the required input or work put into the device. COP is […]
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The mass fraction is a measure used in chemistry and other scientific fields to express the proportion of one substance (the “component”) in a mixture relative to the total mass of the mixture. It is a dimensionless quantity expressed as a ratio or percentage. Mathematically, the mass fraction (w) of a component in a mixture
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The mass of air refers to the total amount of matter that comprises the Earth’s atmosphere within a certain volume or area. Air is a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen with smaller amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and trace gases. Here’s the formula to calculate the mass of air:
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The adiabatic efficiency of a turbine is a measure of how efficiently it converts the enthalpy drop of the working fluid into mechanical work under adiabatic conditions (no heat transfer). It is typically denoted by the symbol  ηad​ and is given by the ratio of the actual work done by the turbine to the ideal
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Entropy change for an isothermal heat transfer process refers to the change in entropy that occurs when heat is transferred between two systems at constant temperature. In such a process, the temperature of the systems involved remains constant throughout the transfer. The entropy change (ΔS) for an isothermal process is given by the ratio of
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The efficiency of a Carnot heat engine, known as the Carnot efficiency, is given by: ​​ Where: η is the efficiency of the Carnot engine (dimensionless), TC​ is the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir (in Kelvin, K), TH​ is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir (in Kelvin, K). The absolute temperature in Kelvin
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The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is a measure of how effectively the engine converts thermal energy (heat) into mechanical work. It’s defined as the ratio of the work output of the engine to the heat input The formula for thermal efficiency is: ​​ In SI units, the units of work are joules (J)
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Change in kinetic energy refers to the difference between the initial and final kinetic energies of an object as it undergoes a change in velocity. The formula to calculate the change in kinetic energy (ΔKE) is given by: Where: ΔKE = Change in kinetic energy in (J) m = Mass of the object in (kg)
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Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. Mathematically, power (P) is defined as:    ​ Where: P is the power(J/s), W is the work done or energy transferred(J), and t is the time taken(s). The SI unit of power is the watt
Energy can exist in numerous forms, such as chemical, electrical, kinetic, potential, mechanical, thermal, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system. The total energy of a system per unit mass is denoted by e and is defined as Where: e is the specific energy in joules per kilogram (J/kg),
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