Total strain from creep, shrinkage, and elastic deformation combined.The formula is given by:
Where:
- is the total strain in concrete.
- is the elastic strain, typically calculated using Hooke’s Law ().
- is the creep strain, which accounts for the time-dependent deformation of concrete under sustained loads. It is often modeled empirically or using creep models.
- is the shrinkage strain, representing the volume reduction in concrete due to moisture loss during curing and drying.