quantity refers to a measurable physical parameter or property that is used to describe and analyze the behavior of an aircraft during flight. These quantities help in understanding the performance, stability, and control of the aircraft
K = 1 / (π * A * e)
Where: K = Induced drag coefficient A = Aspect ratio of the wing (span squared divided by the wing area) e = Oswald efficiency factor (a dimensionless factor representing the wing’s lift-induced drag efficiency)